❶ 濂ュ痙璧涘崱鍘嗕簹鏂浠涔堟椂鍊欐潃
鍗″埄淇勪集鏄琚鑿茬綏鍏嬪繏蹇掓柉鏉姝葷殑銆
鍗″埄淇勪集鏄濉為粯鍕掑拰瀹欐柉鐨勭佺敓瀛愶紝鏄鍗″巻浜氭柉鍥界帇鐨勫コ鍎匡紝騫磋交鑰岀編涓姐傚湪濂ュ痙淇鏂紱誨紑瀹朵埂榪滃緛鐗規礇浼婃椂錛屽崱鍘嗕簹鏂鍥界帇鎯沖ǘ濂ュ痙淇鏂鐨勫誨瓙浣╂秴媧涗僵涓哄伙紝浣嗕僵娑呮礇浣╀負浜嗕繚鎸佽礊鑺傦紝鎷掔粷浜嗕粬鐨勮佹眰銆傚崱鍘嗕簹鏂濞佽儊璇村傛灉濂逛笉瀚佺粰浠栵紝灝變細鏉鎺夊ス銆備負浜嗕繚鎶よ嚜宸憋紝浣╂秴媧涗僵琚榪涓庡崱鍘嗕簹鏂緇撳氥傚崱鍘嗕簹鏂璁″垝灝嗗勾杞葷殑鍗″埄淇勪集瀚佺粰濂ュ痙淇鏂鐨勫効瀛愬笘闆烽┈縐戱紝騫跺噯澶囦婦琛屽氱ぜ銆
❷ 鍗￠噷闃挎柉鍜岀害綆浠
鍗￠噷闃挎柉鍜岀害錛堝張鍚嶅崱鍒╀簹鏂錛夋寚鐨勬槸鍏鍏冨墠 5 涓栫邯涓鍙跺湪娉㈡柉鎴樹簤涔嬪悗闆呭吀鍜屾嘗鏂涔嬮棿鍙鑳借揪鎴愮殑鍜屽鉤鏉＄害銆傚苟闈炴墍鏈夊巻鍙插﹀墮兘鍚屾剰姝ょ被鏉＄害鐨勫瓨鍦錛屽傛灉紜瀹炲瓨鍦錛屽叾紜鍒囨潯嬈句篃瀛樺湪浜夎銆傚嵆浣挎槸榪欐牱涓涓鏉＄害鐨勫彲鑳芥棩鏈燂紝瀛﹁呬滑浠嶅湪浜夎猴紝鏃犺烘槸鍏鍏冨墠 460 騫翠唬榪樻槸鍏鍏冨墠銆傚叕鍏冨墠 449 騫存槸鏈鍙楁㈣繋鐨勫緩璁銆傝ユ潯綰︿互瀵屾湁鐨勯泤鍏告斂娌誨跺崱鍒╀簹鏂鐨勫悕瀛楀懡鍚嶏紝浠栧彲鑳藉湪鍜屽鉤璁ㄨ烘湡闂撮嗗間簡闆呭吀澶т嬌銆傚嵆浣誇粠鏈璧瘋崏榪囧悓鍚嶆潯綰︼紝浣嗗湪鍏鍏冨墠 5 涓栫邯涓鍙訛紝闆呭吀鍜屾嘗鏂涔嬮棿鐨勬晫瀵硅屽姩紜瀹炲凡緇忕粨鏉熴
瀛樺湪涓庣害浼
娉㈡柉闃垮戠編灝煎痙甯濆浗涓庡笇鑵 鍩庨偊闆呭吀涔嬮棿鏄鍚﹀瓨鍦ㄨ縐頒負鈥滃崱閲岄樋鏂鍜岀害鈥濈殑鍜屽鉤鏉＄害灝氫笉紜瀹氾紝涓昏佹槸鍥犱負甯岃厞鍘嗗彶瀛﹀跺笇緗楀氬痙錛堢害鍏鍏冨墠 484 騫 - 綰﹀叕鍏冨墠 413 騫達級紜瀹炲瓨鍦ㄦ洿涓嶇敤璇達紝鏇撮噸瑕佺殑鏄錛屼慨鏄斿簳寰鳳紙c. 460 - c. 398 BCE錛夋槸鎴戜滑褰撲唬娉㈡柉鎴樹簤緇撴潫鏃剁殑涓昏佽祫鏂欐潵婧愶紝涔熸病鏈夋槑紜鎻愬強瀹冦傜劧鑰岋紝瀛﹁呬滑鎸囧嚭錛屼袱浣嶄綔鑰呴兘娌℃湁闈炲父鍏蟲敞鎵璁ㄨ虹殑紜鍒囨椂鏈燂紝騫惰や負淇鏄斿簳寰瘋憲浣滀腑鐨勬煇浜涙佃惤紜瀹炴瀯鎴愪簡涓ゅ浗涔嬮棿瀛樺湪姝ょ被鏉＄害鐨勯棿鎺ヨ瘉鎹銆傚嵆渚垮傛わ紝鎬鐤戜竴鐩村瓨鍦ㄥ埌鍏鍏冨墠 4 涓栫邯鐨 Theopompos銆傞偅浣嶅笇鑵婂巻鍙插﹀跺彲鑳界湅榪囪ユ潯綰︾殑鍓鏈錛屼絾鍥犱負浠栬や負瀹冩槸鍘熶歡錛岃屼笖瀹冩槸鐢ㄦ渶榪戜嬌鐢ㄧ殑紱誨瓙瀛楁瘝琛ㄥ啓鐨勶紝涓嶈や負瀹冩槸鐪熷疄鐨勶紙灝界″湪鍏鍏冨墠 5 涓栫邯鐨勬枃浠朵腑鍋跺皵浣跨敤紱誨瓙甯岃厞璇錛夈傚彟涓鏂歸潰錛屽叕鍏冨墠 4 涓栫邯鐨勯泤鍏告紨璇村禗emosthenes鍜 Lycurgus 絳夊彜浠ｄ漢鐗╀互鍙2 涓栫邯鐨凱lutarch鍜 Aelius Aristides絳夊悗鏉ョ殑 浣滃墮兘娉ㄦ剰鍒伴泤鍏稿拰娉㈡柉涔嬮棿瀛樺湪鏌愮嶅崗璁琛屾斂闀垮畼銆
鍗″埄浜氭柉鍜岀害寰堝彲鑳芥槸鍏充簬闆呭吀鍜屾嘗鏂鍔垮姏鑼冨洿鐨勫崗璁銆
鍋囪炬湁涓涓鏉＄害錛屼笅涓涓闂棰樻槸浣曟椂杈炬垚涓鑷達紵涓浜涘﹁呮洿鍠滄㈠叕鍏冨墠 460 騫翠唬鐨勫嶮騫達紝鑰屽彟涓浜涘﹁呭垯寤鴻鍏鍏冨墠 449 騫淬傝繕鏈変竴浜涗漢璁や負榪欎袱涓鏃ユ湡閮芥槸鐩稿叧鐨勶紝騫朵笖璇ユ潯綰︽槸鍦ㄥ叕鍏冨墠 460 騫翠唬絳劇講鐨勶紝鐒跺悗鍦ㄥ叕鍏冨墠 449 騫寸畫絳俱傚彲浠ヨ偗瀹氱殑鏄錛屾嘗鏂鍜岄泤鍏鎬箣闂寸殑浠諱綍閲嶅ぇ鏁屽硅屽姩閮藉湪鍏鍏冨墠 5 涓栫邯涓鍙剁粨鏉熴
鍗″埄浜氭柉
璇ユ潯綰︿互 Callias 鐨勫悕瀛楀懡鍚嶏紝浠栨槸涓浣嶉泤鍏告斂娌誨訛紝灞炰簬鍩庨偊鏈瀵屾湁鐨勫舵棌涔嬩竴銆備紬鎵鍛ㄧ煡錛屼粬鍦ㄥ巹鐞夎タ灝煎ゥ縐樻暀鐨勪華寮忎腑鎷呬換鐏鐐鎵嬶紙杈炬潨涔旀柉錛夌殑澹版湜鍦頒綅銆備粬鐨勫誨瓙鏄瑗胯挋錛堢害鍏鍏冨墠 510 鈥 450 騫達級鐨勫瑰 Elpinice錛屾槸闆呭吀鏀挎不瀹跺拰鎴愬姛鐨勫啗浜嬫寚鎸ュ畼銆傚崱鍒╀簹鏂鍦ㄥ叕鍏冨墠 490 騫寸殑椹鎷夋澗鎴樺焦涓涓庢嘗鏂鍐涢槦浣滄垬錛岃〃鐜板嚭鑹層傚叕鍏冨墠 446 騫達紝浠栧湪闆呭吀鍜屾柉宸磋揪涔嬮棿鐨勪笁鍗佸勾鍜屽鉤涓鎷呬換璋堝垽浠ｈ〃錛屽琺鍥轟簡浠栦綔涓哄拰騫崇紨閫犺呯殑澹拌獕銆
甯岃厞娉㈡柉鎴樹簤
甯岃厞娉㈡柉鎴樹簤
鍑鍒╅害濂庡皵 (CC BY-NC-SA)
鏉＄害璧峰洜錛氭嘗鏂鎴樹簤
娉㈡柉闃垮戠編灝煎痙 甯濆浗鍦ㄦ暣涓鍏鍏冨墠 5 涓栫邯涓鐩村湪涓庡笇鑵婁漢浣滄垬錛屽ぇ嫻佸＋涓涓栵紙鍏鍏冨墠 522-486 騫達級浜庡叕鍏冨墠 491 騫村叆渚靛笇鑵婏紝浠栫殑緇т換鑰呰枦瑗挎柉錛堝叕鍏冨墠 486-465 騫達級浜庡叕鍏冨墠 480 騫村叆渚靛笇鑵娿傝繖浜涘叆渚靛艱嚧浜嗗巻鍙蹭笂涓浜涙渶钁楀悕鐨勬垬褰癸紝鍏ㄩ儴鐢遍泤鍏稿拰鏂宸磋揪棰嗗肩殑甯岃厞鍩庨偊璧㈠緱錛氶┈鎷夋澗錛堝叕鍏冨墠 490 騫達級銆佹俯娉夊叧錛堝叕鍏冨墠 480 騫 8 鏈堬級銆佽惃鎷夌背鏂錛堝叕鍏冨墠 480 騫 9 鏈堬級鍜屾櫘鎷夋彁浜氾紙鍏鍏冨墠 480 騫達級銆傚叕鍏冨墠 479 騫達級銆傛櫘鎷夋彁浜氭垬褰逛箣鍚庯紝甯岃厞鍜屾嘗鏂涔嬮棿鍙戠敓浜嗛暱杈 30 騫寸殑鎴樹簤錛屼絾瑙勬ā姣斾互鍓嶅皬浜嗐
闆呭吀浜庡叕鍏冨墠 478 騫存垚絝嬩簡寰峰埄瀹夊悓鐩燂紙鍙堝悕闆呭吀鍚岀洘錛夛紝榪欐槸涓涓鐢卞ぇ綰 300 涓甯岃厞鍩庨偊緇勬垚鐨勫崗浼氾紝浠ユ姷寰′換浣曡繘涓姝ョ殑娉㈡柉渚電暐銆傛帴綆¤仈鐩熺殑鍥藉簱騫跺悜鎴愬憳鈥斺斿嵆浣挎槸閭ｄ簺鎯崇誨紑鐨勪漢鈥斺斿己鍔犳崘嬈炬剰鍛崇潃鑱旂洘瀹為檯涓婃垚涓轟簡闆呭吀甯濆浗銆傚痙鍒╁畨鍚岀洘鍦ㄨ繖孌墊寔緇鐨勯棿姝囨ф垬浜夋椂鏈熸棤鐤戞槸鏈夌敤鐨勶紝騫跺湪鍏鍏冨墠 466 騫寸殑嬈у緥姊呯櫥鎴樺焦涓鍑昏觸浜嗕竴鏀娉㈡柉鍐涢槦銆傚洜姝わ紝涓浜涘﹁呰や負榪欎竴鏃ユ湡鏄鍒跺畾銆婂崱鍒╀簹鏂鍜岀害銆嬬殑鏃墮棿銆
鍏鍏冨墠 460 騫達紝闆呭吀鍜岀戞灄鏂涔嬮棿鐖嗗彂浜嗙涓嬈′集緗楀斿凹鎾掓垬浜夛紝鏂宸磋揪鍋跺皵浼氫粙鍏ャ傛垬浜夊皢鎸佺畫鍒板叕鍏冨墠 446 騫淬傞泤鍏哥幇鍦ㄦｅ湪鍒╃敤寰峰埄瀹夎仈鐩熶綔涓哄埗鏈嶅笇鑵婂煄閭﹀悓鑳炵殑宸ュ叿銆傚湪闆呭吀蹇欎簬絎涓嬈′集緗楀斿凹鎾掓垬浜夋椂錛岀『淇濇嘗鏂涓嶄細閫犳垚浠諱綍楹葷儲鐨勯渶瑕佸彲鑳芥槸紜淇濅笌褰撴椂鐨勬嘗鏂緇熸不鑰呬簹杈捐枦瑗誇竴涓栵紙鍏鍏冨墠 464-425 騫村湪浣嶏級瀹炵幇鎸佷箙鍜屽鉤鐨勫姩鏈恆傜劧鑰岋紝闆呭吀浜鴻嚜宸遍氳繃鏀鎸佸焹鍙婄殑鍙涗貢鏉ユ縺璧鋒晫瀵硅屽姩鍙嶅歸偅閲岀殑娉㈡柉緇熸不銆傞泤鍏鎬漢鍦 c 媧懼嚭涓鏀榪滃緛闃熴傚叕鍏冨墠459騫村緱鍒版敮鎸侊紝浣嗚繖瀵瑰笇鑵婁漢鏉ヨ存槸涓鍦虹伨闅撅紝騫朵簬鍏鍏冨墠454騫寸粨鏉熴傞泤鍏-鏂宸磋揪鑱斿悎榪滃緛濉炴鄲璺鏂錛屽啀嬈″規姉娉㈡柉錛屽彇寰椾簡鏇村ぇ鐨勬垚鍔燂紝灝界¤タ钂欏湪鍏鍏冨墠 451 騫寸殑琛屽姩涓涓х敓銆傚洜姝わ紝鏃㈢劧娉㈡柉鍐嶆¤鍑昏觸錛屼竴浜涘巻鍙插﹀舵洿鍠滄㈠皢鍏鍏冨墠 449 騫翠綔涓哄崱鍒╀簹鏂鍜岀害鐨勬棩鏈熴
鏉＄害鐨勭洰鐨
璇ユ潯綰︼紝濡傛灉鎴戜滑璁や負瀹冨瓨鍦ㄧ殑璇濓紝鏃ㄥ湪緇撴潫娉㈡柉鍜岄泤鍏鎬箣闂寸殑鏁屽硅屽姩錛屽苟鍦ㄦ嘗鏂鎴樹簤涔嬪悗瀹氫箟鐖辯惔嫻風殑鏂版斂娌葷増鍥俱傚彲鑳戒笉鏄涓涓璇︾粏鐨勬潯綰︼紝鈥滃拰騫斥濇洿鍙鑳芥槸鍏充簬涓や釜澶у浗鎷ユ湁鍔垮姏鑼冨洿鐨勫崗璁錛屽洜姝ょ『淇濅竴涓澶у浗涓嶄細騫叉秹鍙︿竴涓澶у浗鐨勫笣鍥戒富涔夎″垝銆傛嵁鎶ラ亾錛岃ユ潯綰︾殑涓鑸鏉℃劇佹㈡嘗鏂榪涘叆灝忎簹緇嗕簹瑗塊儴鍜岀埍鐞存搗銆傚湪鐖辯惔嫻鋒部宀鎬笁澶╃殑鏃呯▼涓涓嶅厑璁告嘗鏂鎬葷潱錛屾嘗鏂鑸瑰彧涔熶笉鑳介氳繃鐖卞ゥ灝間簹鍒╄タ浜氬崡閮ㄦ搗宀哥殑Phaselis錛堢幇鍦ㄥ湡鑰沖叾鐨凾ekirova錛夛級銆傚悓鏃訛紝闆呭吀鎵胯哄皢榛戞搗鐣欑粰娉㈡柉錛屼笉鏀誨嚮娉㈡柉棰嗗湡銆
鍏充簬 Callias 鍜屽鉤鏈鏄庣『鐨勫彜浠ｈ祫鏂欐潵鑷鍏鍏 1 涓栫邯甯岃厞鍘嗗彶瀛﹀禗iodorus Siculus鍥句功棣嗭紙鍗充嬌澶у氭暟鐜頒唬鍘嗗彶瀛﹀惰や負榪欎簺鏈璇鏄鉶氭瀯鐨勶級錛
鐒惰岋紝浜氳揪鍚涜タ鍥界帇寰楃煡浠栫殑鍐涢槦鍦ㄥ炴鄲璺鏂閬閬囨尗鎶樺悗錛屼笌浠栫殑鏈嬪弸浠灝辨垬浜夎繘琛屼簡鍟嗚錛屽苟鍐沖畾涓庡笇鑵婁漢緙旂粨鍜屽鉤瀵逛粬鏈夊埄銆傚洜姝わ紝浠栧悜濉炴鄲璺鏂鐨勫皢鍐涘拰鎬葷潱鍙戝嚭涔﹂潰鏉′歡錛屽厑璁鎬粬浠涓庡笇鑵婁漢杈炬垚鍜岃В銆傚洜姝わ紝Artabazus 鍜 Megabyzus 媧懼ぇ浣垮埌闆呭吀璁ㄨ鴻В鍐抽棶棰樸傞泤鍏鎬漢寰堝弸濂斤紝媧懼嚭鍏ㄦ潈澶т嬌錛屽叾棰嗚栨槸甯屾嘗灝煎簱鏂鐨勫効瀛愬崱鍒╀簹鏂銆傚洜姝わ紝闆呭吀浜哄拰浠栦滑鐨勭洘鍙嬩笌娉㈡柉浜虹紨緇撲簡鍜屽鉤鏉＄害錛屽叾涓昏佹潯嬈懼備笅錛氭墍鏈夊笇鑵婁漢鐨勫煄甯備簹媧蹭漢灝嗙敓媧誨湪浠栦滑鑷宸卞埗瀹氱殑娉曞緥涔嬩笅錛涙嘗鏂浜虹殑鎬葷潱紱繪搗鐨勮窛紱諱笉寰楄秴榪囦笁澶╃殑璺紼嬶紝浠諱綍娉㈡柉鍐涜埌閮戒笉寰楀湪Phaselis鎴朇yanean Rocks錛堢幇浠ｅ悰澹鍧︿竵鍫￠檮榪戱級鍐呰埅琛岋紱濡傛灉鍥界帇鍜屼粬鐨勫皢鍐涗滑閬靛畧浜嗚繖浜涙潯嬈撅紝闆呭吀浜哄氨涓嶈兘媧懼叺榪涘叆鍥界帇鎵緇熸不鐨勯嗗湡銆傛潯綰﹀簞涓ョ紨緇撳悗錛岄泤鍏鎬漢浠庡炴鄲璺鏂鎾ゅ嚭鍐涘囷紝鍙栧緱浜嗚緣鐓岀殑鑳滃埄錛岀紨緇撲簡鏈鍊煎緱娉ㄦ剰鐨勫拰騫蟲潯嬈俱
(Bk. 12 ch. 4)
鍜屽鉤鐨勭粓緇
鏉＄害/鍗忚紜瀹炲甫鏉ヤ簡鍜屽鉤錛屼絾騫舵湭緇堢粨寰峰埄瀹夎仈鐩燂紝鑰屽痙鍒╁畨鑱旂洘鐜板湪瀵逛簬闆呭吀鍦ㄥ笇鑵婄殑閲庡績鏉ヨ村お鏈夌敤浜嗐傜洿鍒板叕鍏冨墠 412 騫達紝娉㈡柉鎬葷潱娉曠撼宸翠綈鏂鍜岃拏钀ㄥ紬鍐呮柉鍦ㄩ泤鍏稿拰鏂宸磋揪鍙婂叾鍚勮嚜鐩熷弸涔嬮棿鐨勭浜屾′集緗楀斿凹鎾掓垬浜夛紙鍏鍏冨墠 431-404 騫達級鏈熼棿鍚戠埍濂ュ凹浜氱殑涓鏀鏂宸磋揪鍐涢槦鎻愪緵鎻村姪鏃訛紝娉㈡柉鎵嶅湪鍐涗簨涓婁粙鍏ュ笇鑵婁簨鍔°傚叕鍏冨墠 479 騫磋嚦鍏鍏冨墠 431 騫翠箣闂村笇鑵婄殑鐩稿瑰拰騫蟲椂鏈燂紙鑷沖皯鍦ㄥ笇鑵婁漢鍜岄潪甯岃厞浜轟箣闂達級琚縐頒負Pentekontaetia錛堟剰鎬濇槸 50 騫達級銆傛嘗鏂灝嗕負鏂宸磋揪浜烘彁渚涢噾閽卞拰鏈ㄦ潗錛屼互寤虹珛涓鏀瓚充互瀵規姉闆呭吀嫻峰啗鍔涢噺鐨勫己澶ф搗鍐涖傚洜姝わ紝鎷夊北寰峰叕鍏冨墠 405 騫達紝鏂宸磋揪鎸囨尌瀹樺湪璧鍕掓柉婊傞檮榪戠殑 Aegospotami 瀵歸泤鍏鎬漢閫犳垚浜嗘渶緇堝交搴曠殑澶辮觸銆
浣犲枩嬈㈣繖涓瀹氫箟鍚楋紵
鐩稿叧鍐呭 涔︾睄 寮曠敤姝ゅ伐浣 璁稿彲璇
緙栬緫璇勮
榪欑瘒鏂囩珷鍦ㄥ彂琛ㄤ箣鍓嶅凡緇忚繃鍑嗙『鎬с佸彲闈犳у拰閬靛畧瀛︽湳鏍囧噯鐨勫℃煡銆
鍏ㄧ悆鍏嶈垂錛岀敱鎮ㄦ敮鎸
涓栫晫鍘嗗彶鐧劇戝叏涔︽槸涓涓闈炶惀鍒╃粍緇囥傛瘡鏈堝彧闇 5緹庡厓錛屾偍灝卞彲浠ユ垚涓轟細鍛樺苟鏀鎸佹垜浠鐨勪嬌鍛斤紝鍗寵╀漢浠鍙備笌鏂囧寲閬椾駭騫舵敼鍠勫叏鐞冨巻鍙叉暀鑲層
鎴愪負浼氬憳 鎹